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evolução da Sociologia do Direito em Portugal feita por António Casimiro Ferreira e João Pedroso, "Entre o
passado e o futuro: contributos para o debate sobre a Sociologia do Direito em Portugal", Revista Crítica de
Ciências Sociais, n o 52/53, 1998-1999.

( 4 ) Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto, Porto Editora, 8 a edição, 1998, p. 450.
( 5 ) Cf. Santos et al., op. cit.
6
()Cf.nota4.
( 7 ) Cf. Owen M. Fiss, "The Right Degree of Independence", in Irwin P. Stotzky (org.), Transition to
Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Judiciary, Boulder, Westview Press, 1993, pp. 55-58; e
Christopher M. Larkins, "Judicial Independence and Democratization: A Theoretical and Conceptual é
ö
Analysis", The American Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 44, 1997.
( 8 ) Este era o padrão geralmente encontrado nos regimes do Bloco de Leste. Cf., por exemplo, András
Sajo e Vera Losonci, "Rule by Law in East Central Europe: Is the Emperor's New Suit a Straightjacket?", in
Douglas Greenberg (org.), Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World, Nova í

Iorque, Oxford University Press, 1993; e John Reitz, "Progress in Building Institutions for the Rule of Law",
in Robert D. Grey (org.), Democratic Theory and Post-Communist Change, Upper Saddle River, Prentice
Hall, 1997.
( 9 ) Cf., por exemplo, José J. Toharia, "Judicial Independence in an Authoritarian Regime: The Case of

Spain", Law and Society Review, vol. 9, 1975; C. Neal Tate, "Courts and Crisis Regimes: A Theory Sketch
with Asian Case Studies", Political Research Quarterly, vol. 45, 1992.
( 10 ) Fiss, op. cit., p. 56. áã
( 11 ) Para uma sntese dos estudos nesta área, cf. Lawrence Baum, The Puzzle of Judicial Behavior, Ann ãé

Arbor, The University of Michigan Press, 1997.
( 12 ) Para citar apenas os clssicos e algumas aplicações empíricas, cf. Marc Galanter, "Why the 'Haves'
Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change", Law and Society Review, vol. 9, 1974;
Donald J. Black, The Behavior of Law, Nova Iorque, Academic Press, 1976; Stanton Wheeler, Bliss

Cartwright, Robert A. Kagan e Lawrence M. Friedman, "Do the 'Haves' Come Out Ahead? Winning and
Losing in State Supreme Courts, 1870-1970", Law and Society Review, vol. 21, 1987; e Robert Tillman e
Henry N. Pontell, "Is Justice 'Collar-Blind'?: Punishing Medicaid Provider Fraud", Criminology, vol. 30, 1992.
( 13 ) Fiss, op. cit., p. 55. ã

( 14 ) Larkins, op. cit., p. 614. çã
( 15 ) Fiss, op. cit., p. 56.
( 16 ) Martin Shapiro, "Public Law and Judicial Politics", in Ada Finifter (org.), Political Science. The State of

the Discipline, Washington, American Political Science Association, 1993.
( 17 ) J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process, and
Facilitating Conditions", in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzuela (orgs.), Issues
in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective, Notre

Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1992, p. 65.
( 18 ) Carlo Guarnieri e Pedro C. Magalhes, "Democratic Consolidation, Judicial Reform and the ê
Judicialization of Politics in Southern Europe", in Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros e Gianfranco
Pasquino (orgs.), The Changing Functions of the State in Southern Europe, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins

University Press, no prelo.
( 19 ) Torbjrn Vallinder, "When the Courts Go Marching In", in C. Neal Tate e Torbjörn Vallinder (orgs.), op.
cit., p. 13.
20
( ) Denis Salas, Le tiers pouvoir, Paris, Hachette, 1998.
( 21 ) Reitz, op. cit.
( 22 ) Claus Offe, "The Attribution of Public Status to Interest Groups", in Disorganized Capitalism:

Contemporary Transformations of Work and Politics, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1985, p. 241.
( 23 ) Para uma breve discusso acerca dos grupos de interesses que se situam no interior da própria
estrutura do Estado, cf. Michael G. Roskin et al., Political Science: An Introduction, Englewood Cliffs,
Prentice-Hall, 1994, pp. 186-187.
24
( ) Pedro Coutinho Magalhes, "Democratizao e independncia judicial em Portugal", Análise Social,
vol. 30, pp. 82-84.
( 25 ) Fiss, op. cit., p. 55-56.
26
( ) Charles R. Epp, The Rights Revolution. Lawyers, Activists and Supreme Courts in Comparative
Perspective, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1997.
( 27 ) Epp, op. cit., p. 5. Cf. tambm Santos et al., op. cit., pp. 699-700.
28
( ) Eli M. Salzberger, "A Positive Analysis of the Doctrine of Separation of Powers, or: Why Do We Have
an Independent Judiciary?", in International Review of Law and Economics, No 13, 1993, p. 360.
( 29 ) Otto Kirchheimer, "The Catch-all Party", in Peter Mair, The West European Party System, Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 50-60.
30
( ) Jos Maria Maravall, "Escaping Reponsibility", EUI Jean Monnet Chair Paper, RSC n o 97/46, 1997.
( 31 ) Cf., entre muitos outros, C. Neal Tate, "Why the Expansion of Judicia) Power?", in C. Neal Tate e